immediate effects of fukushima nuclear disaster

Drug Dev Res. Following a major earthquake, a 15-metre tsunami disabled the power supply and cooling of three Fukushima Daiichi reactors, causing a nuclear accident beginning on 11 March 2011. One thing is certain about the human costs of the radiation leaking from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in Japan: they will pale in comparison to the . High-pressure cleaners for decontamination. The present findings also confirm the importance of established risk factors for depressive symptoms. On March 11, 2011, a 9.0 magnitude earthquake 80 miles off the Northeast Coast of Japan triggered a series of tsunamis that struck nearby shorelines with only a few minutes' warning. Four focused surveys were then administered, including the Pregnancy and Birth Survey that targeted women who were pregnant at the time of the nuclear accident. The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) is an intergovernmental agency that facilitates co-operation among countries with advanced nuclear technology infrastructures to seek excellence in nuclear safety, technology, science, environment and law., On 11 March 2011, a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 on the Richter scale jolted the eastern coast of Japan. Considering the reported reduction in depression prevalence over time following birth, our finding that 27.6% of all mothers surveyed at around 6months postpartum showed depressive symptoms is remarkably high. Titled "Levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station: Implications of information published since the UNSCEAR 2013 Report", the UNSCEAR 2020 report summarizes all relevant scientific information (peer reviewed literature and monitoring data) available up to the end of 2019. The earthquakes, its aftershocks, and the powerful tsunami it triggered led to the deaths and injuries of thousands of people. Among the 8,196 women, 2,262 (28%) screened positive for depressive symptoms. In order to examine whether the relationship between any change in medical facilities and depression differed by the degree to which the local region was affected by the disaster, we repeated the same analysis and compared the severely affected coastal regions (Soso and Iwaki) with regions not as strongly exposed (Kenchu, Kenpoku, Kennan, and Aizu and Minamiaizu). A second, but smaller, nuclear accident took place in August 2013 when approximately 300 tonnes (330 tons) of irradiated water used in ongoing cooling operations in reactors 1, 2, and 3 was discharged into the landscape surrounding the Fukushima Daiichi facility. Article The facility, operated by the Tokyo Electric and Power Company (TEPCO), was made up of six boiling-water reactors constructed between 1971 and 1979. Around 1.2 million tonnes of water contaminated by radioactive substances from the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster will be dumped in the Pacific Ocean, as part of a plan expected to be approved by . Among the 8,196 women surveyed, 27.6% screened positive for depressive symptoms. Another post-earthquake study from Japan reported that mothers EPDS score was associated with their satisfaction with delivery, including obstetrical care [28]. This survey was supported in part by the national Health Fund for Children and Adults Affected by the Nuclear Incident.. By using this website, you agree to our Diversion ditches have failed to stop the process. With regard to the effect that such a change had on depressive symptoms (Table3), mothers that self-referred (voluntarily changed facilities following the disaster) to either another facility within Fukushima Prefecture or to one in a different region showed a significantly higher risk for a positive screen. There were subsequently also multiple leaks at the facility. [7], reproduced with publisher permission (License Number 3365080379769). Similar to what was observed and reported for the Chernobyl population, the displaced Fukushima population is suffering from psycho-social and mental health impact following relocation, ruptured social links of people who lost homes and employment, disconnected family ties and stigmatization. Based on thissurveyand the dose Melted material fell to the bottom of the containment vessels in reactors 1 and 2 and bored sizable holes in the floor of each vessela fact that emerged in late May. Mothers with depressive symptoms were more likely to be young, first-time mothers, and with histories of abortion, psychiatric diseases, and complications during pregnancy, as well as infants with asphyxia or other anomalies (Table1). Table2 shows a wide regional variation in the proportion of mothers with depressive symptoms, with the highest rate in Soso (coastal region) and lowest in Aizu (mountainous region). 2012;7:e35527. The main radionuclides to which individuals were exposed included iodine-131 (131I) and caesium-137 (137Cs). Regional variations in the proportion of mothers that experienced obstetrical care interruption. Fukushima plant head: Too early to predict decommissioning. 2010;19:87784. Considering the level of estimated doses, the lifetime radiation-induced cancer risks other than thyroid are small and much smaller than the lifetime baseline cancer risks. PubMed Mothers of young children are one of the groups at greatest risk for negative emotional responses and poorer mental health following a nuclear accident [2]. The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent nuclear power plant accident had serious and long-term effects on the mental health condition of people living in Fukushima. While the university hospital was initially without water for one week, it was able to maintain its basic functions and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology received nine referrals for cesarean sections in the first ten days following the disaster: six from the affected coastal area and three from within the city [6]. Shonika Rinsho. The Pregnancy and Birth Survey of the FHMS has been conducted every year since the disaster. In addition, there have been more than 2,000 disaster-related deaths. The current study examines regional variations in depressive symptoms among these women and associations with interruption in obstetrical care services after the Fukushima nuclear accident. A large survey of the health of residents of Fukushima Prefecture, theFukushima Health Management Survey, Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. [http://www.stat.go.jp/english/index.htm]. Lists of women who had registered their pregnancies within the designated period were obtained from all municipalities in the prefecture. The March 7 th . Newswise March 8, 2021 - March 11, 2021 will be the 10 th anniversary of the earthquake and tsunami that caused the meltdown of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Additionally, changes in obstetrical facilities could be practical indicators to help health care providers identify those mothers who are most in need. Overall, the radioactivity levels in the marine biota near Fukushima were lower than predicted by some early studies immediately following the accident, and exposures were too low for acute. J Epidemiol. Evrard, O., Laceby, J. P., & Nakao, A. Google Scholar. Modes of pregnancy included natural pregnancy, ovulation induction, artificial insemination, and in vitro fertilization. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. the global community receives the best advice on the matters related to the radioactive contamination in food. In. Our findings suggest that improving mental health support for mothers with infants should be a high priority in the acute phase of nuclear disaster response. (In Japanese). assessments done by WHO and by UNSCEAR, the average lifetime effective doses for adults in the Fukushima prefecture were estimated to be around 10 mSv or less, and about twice for 1-year old infants. A large area in Soso, the region in which the damaged nuclear power plant is located, was designated as an evacuation zone due to environmental radiation contamination. There were also aftershocks and alerts of possible further tsunamis. 2015 Mar 26;15:59.doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0443-8. Six variables were associated with both depression and change in facility: maternal age, psychiatric history during pregnancy after the disaster, obstetrical complications both before and after the disaster, infants asphyxia, and congenital anomaly. The Great East Japan Earth Quake: obstetrical care system in the disaster affected and surrounding areas and strategies take by the Japan Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Japan has marked the 12th anniversary of the massive earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disaster with a minute of silence as concerns grew ahead of the planned release of the treated radioactive water from the wrecked Fukushima nuclear plant, Twelve years after the triple reactor meltdowns at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, Japan is preparing to release a massive amount of treated radioactive wastewater into the sea, The head of Japans wrecked Fukushima nuclear plant says details of the damage inside its reactors are only beginning to be known 12 years after it was hit by a massive earthquake and tsunami, making it difficult to foresee when or how its decommissioning will be completed. Google Scholar. In this paper, we focus on the results of a screen for depressive symptoms among new mothers and its association with geographical region and interruption of obstetrical care after the Fukushima nuclear accident, which occurred after the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011. When the Fukushima-Daiichi, Japan nuclear disaster began on March 11, 2011, evacuations were not immediate and some were hampered by the destructive after-effects of the Tsunami and earthquake that precipitated the nuclear crisis. For the purpose of this study, delayed respondents were defined as those that responded to the survey only after a reminder had been sent out. In 2013, WHO published a health risk assessment from the FDNPS accident. The median time from delivery to returning the questionnaire was 175days for all mothers. J Pediatr Psychol. which informs INFOSAN about any residual radioactivity levels in food. Suzuki and Weissbecker support this notion in their assertion that, immediately following a disaster, responses targeting mental health should be built on existing systems [22]. A standard health-effects model was used to estimate human exposure to radioactivity. These findings indicate that, in a post-disaster setting, attention should still be paid to known risk factors for mental health problems. In contrast, the mountainous regions of Aizu and Minamiaizu recorded the lowest levels of radiation among these regions. Clin Psychol Rev. Havenaar JM, van den Brink W. Psychological factors affecting health after toxicological disasters. On September 11-12, 2011, six months after the Thoku earthquake, an international expert symposium took place at Fukushima Medical University. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Both median maternal age (30years) and the proportion of low birth weight infants (7.3%) were similar to the nationwide averages reported in the general census (31years and 8.3% among singletons respectively) [15]. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;378:317. The triple disaster has highlighted and compounded such pre-existing underlying issues as falling birth rates, the fragmenting of the family unit, and the shrinking of local communities. There have been recent reports about thyroid cancer cases being diagnosed among children exposed to low doses of radioactive iodine as a result of the Fukushima accident. What is being done to mitigate the public health impact of the Fukushima accident? Yamanashi University: Healthy family official homepage. At Fukushima Daiichi 14.0% said they had suffered this abuse, while the figure for Daiini was 11.0%. Likewise, obstetrical complications were self-reported using a list of 15 complications. But, before then, atomic bomb tests and radioactive waste were contaminating the sea the. 2014;60:7581. Even if those levels of risk might not be clinically detectable, WHO anticipated that the thyroid ultrasound screening programme being conducted in Fukushima prefecture was likely to lead to an increase in the incidence of thyroid diseases due to earlier detection of non-symptomatic cases. One . Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The findings and conclusions of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the Fukushima Prefecture government. This study quantifies worldwide health effects of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident on 11 March 2011. Although many areas located within the 20-km evacuation warning zone and the expanded zone (an area called the difficult-to-return zone) continued to remain off-limits due to high radiation levels, officials began to allow limited activities (business activities and visitation but no lodging) in other previously evacuated areas with moderately high radiation levels. They're all available to the public. 2011;36:17987. Deaths from prolonged and unnecessary evacuations due to fears over the radiation: 1,000+, almost entirely in the elderly whose medical care was disrupted or for whom the psychological stress Continue Reading 244 28 Sponsored by Forbes Advisor In contrast, the response in the former Soviet Union was one of denial and secrecy. Study protocol for the Fukushima Health Management Survey. This led to a partial meltdown of the fuel rods, a fire in the storage reactor, explosions in the outer containment buildings (caused by a buildup of hydrogen gas), and the release of radiation into the air and ocean. Now residents have evacuated again. A decade after a powerful earthquake and tsunami set off the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear meltdown in . The evacuation involved a total of over 400,000 individuals, 160,000 of them from within 20km of Fukushima. After. Department of Public Health, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan, Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Putnam Hall - South Campus, Stony Brook, 11794-8790, NY, USA, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima City, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan, You can also search for this author in most vulnerable of those affected by a nuclear accident because of their inability to fully understand and process the immediate and long-term effects of the . Lancet. In the days that followed, some 47,000 residents left their homes, many people in areas adjacent to the 20-km evacuation warning zone also prepared to leave, and workers at the plant made several attempts to cool the reactors using truck-mounted water cannons and water dropped from helicopters. Accessed March 6, 2015. Among the 16,001 identified women, 9,321 returned the FHMS questionnaires (response proportion=58.3%), although 59 were later deemed invalid and eliminated from the database (5 blank questionnaires, 1 deceased, 21 duplicated mails, and 32 non-eligible cases). It is worthy of note that the Japanese health care and insurance systems do not limit patients choice of medical facility. The current analysis aims to extend these findings from the Fukushima City study by focusing on mothers across the prefecture. All other members of the Pregnancy and Birth Survey Group of the Fukushima Health Management Survey contributed to the implementation and quality assurance of the study. The doses incurred by workers were reported by the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) and by some of its contractors. Relocating thousands of people has caused a wide range of health consequences including increase of disaster-related deaths, psychosocial and access to health care issues. In 2011, a powerful earthquake and tsunami cut off power supply and cooling systems for the Fukushima plant. A routine test at the power plant went horribly wrong, and two massive . 2011;64:22259 (In Japanese). These findings are a cause for concern because previous studies have shown that maternal worry about radiation levels lingered for many years after the Chernobyl accident and was associated with poorer mental health [2]. The number of deaths from the nuclear disaster attributed to stress, fatigue and the hardship of living as evacuees is estimated to be around 1,700. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. CAS Fukushima Prefecture: Past radiation monitoring records. According to TEPCO records, the average workers effective dose over the first 19 months after the accident was about 12 mSv. Given the exposure to radioactive iodine during the early phase of the emergency, WHO specifically assessed the risk of thyroid cancer. What were the immediate consequences for the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plants? In the days that followed, some 47,000 residents left their homes, many people in areas adjacent to the 20-km evacuation warning zone also prepared to leave, and workers at the plant made several attempts to cool the reactors using truck-mounted water cannons and water dropped from helicopters. Chernobyl is a nuclear power plant in Ukraine that was the site of a disastrous nuclear accident on April 26, 1986. PubMedGoogle Scholar. This calculation was based on the approach of Meiklejohn and colleagues [14]. Is there a risk of radiation-induced thyroid cancer among children of Fukushima prefecture? Fukushima now becomes the third level five incident in half a century of nuclear technology. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In the present study, the risk was elevated in a region nearest to the damaged nuclear power plant. The long-term psychological impact of nuclear disasters like the Fukushima incident can be even more damaging to public health than the immediate risk from radiation, experts have said. In the present study, this effect was especially pronounced when mothers self-referred to a different facility following the disaster. In addition, the more adversely affected coastal regions also reported a significantly higher risk among mothers that experienced medical referral (self-referral within the prefecture: aOR=1.47, 95% CI=1.101.96, p<0.01; self-referral outside the prefecture: aOR=1.37, 95% CI=1.081.73, p=0.01; medical referral: aOR=2.76, 95% CI=1.624.69, p<0.01). Solberg , Dale MT, Holmstrm H, Eskedal LT, Landolt MA, Vollrath ME. Specifically, where the prefectural average is set at 100, the average per capita income in Soso was 77.6, compared to 103.7 in Kenchu, 107.5 in Kenpoku, 103.5 in Kennan, 100.5 in Iwaki, 93.4 in Aizu, and 85.5 in Minamiaizu. Mishina A, Mishina H, Morita Y. Feasibility of two-question screening tool for maternal depressive symptoms at well-child visits. Yoshida K, Yamashita H, Ueda M, Tashiro N. Postnatal depression in Japanese mothers and the reconsideration of Satogaeri bunben. In contrast, mothers in Iwaki and Aizu, regions with relatively low radiation levels, were significantly less likely to screen positive for depression. Health care workers also need education and training on health effects of radiation. Anticipated deaths from the radiation: 0. Decontamination of affected areas in Japan. The Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Accident. These reports should be interpreted with caution. At that time the explosion was thought to have damaged the containment vessel housing the fuel rods. When autocomplete results are available use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. The disaster that ripped through northern Japan in March 2011 killed more than 19,000 people and prompted a global reckoning with the dangers of nuclear power. Overview of prefecture municipal economic statistics 2011. The journal Nature is publishing several articles today looking at the long term impact of the nuclear disaster at Fukushima in Japan. Those efforts met with some success, which temporarily slowed the release of radiation; however, they were suspended several times after rising steam or smoke signaled an increased risk of radiation exposure. [http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/sec/16025d/kako-monitoring.html]. What happened after the Fukushima accident? The study found no evidence of increases in . Alternate titles: Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, Fukushima nuclear accident. In 2014 Fukushima University's Institute of Environmental Radioactivity said that the total amount of Cs-137 released was 20.5 PBq, 17 PBq to the air, and of the total, 12 to 15 PBq ended up in the Pacific Ocean. About 35% of the workforce received total doses of more than 10 mSv over that period, while 0.7% of the workforce received doses of more than 100 mSv. Among recent regional surveys in Japan that reported similar percentages using the EPDS, the Hamamatsu Birth Cohort reported a depression rate of 11% within one month, and 4% between 2 and 3months postpartum [18]. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0443-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0443-8. It is the second worst nuclear accident in the history of nuclear power generation, behind the Chernobyl disaster. TWS member James Beasley has been at the . Immediate effects of the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster on depressive symptoms among mothers with infants: a prefectural-wide cross-sectional study from the Fukushima Health Management Survey Aya Goto, Evelyn J Bromet & Kenya Fujimori for the Pregnancy and Birth Survey Group of the Fukushima Health Management Survey Because of concerns over possible radiation exposure, government officials established a 30-km (18-mile) no-fly zone around the facility, and a land area of 20-km (12.5-mile) radius around the plantwhich covered nearly 600 square km (approximately 232 square miles)was evacuated. Nobody died as a direct result of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Although its simplicity is a practical strength in screening, especially via a mail survey, it is likely that the true prevalence of diagnosable postpartum depression is lower than that reported here. Food is still monitored by theMinistry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, A 2016 study on the effects of the accident on fish and marine products showed that the contamination level had decreased dramatically over time, though the radioactivity of some species, especially sedentary rockfish, remained elevated within the exclusion zone. Suzuki Y, Weissbecker I. Post-disaster mental health care in Japan. On March 11, 2011, a 9.0-magnitude earthquake struck Japan about 231 miles (372 kilometers) northeast of Tokyo off the Honshu Island coast. We especially thank Kohta Suzuki for his expert advice on statistical modeling. These include: The Fukushima Health Management Survey (FHMS) is expected to contribute to future health effect assessments. A sensitivity analysis based on the assumption that non-respondents would have similar prevalence to delayed responders estimated that the proportion would be 26.5%. However, in 2018 one worker in charge of measuring radiation at the plant died of lung cancer caused by radiation exposure. As the Greenpeace ship sails up the eastern coast of Japan, in the vicinity of . What were the main radionuclides to which people were exposed? Residential region and obstetrical care after the disaster were also included as independent factors of interest. This finding is in line with a previous study of pregnant women affected by Hurricane Katrina, which found that maternal depression was associated with a loss of resources, including social support network and daily routine [27]. Immediate effects of the Fukushima nuclear power plant disaster on depressive symptoms among mothers with infants: a prefectural-wide cross-sectional study from the Fukushima Health Management Survey, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0443-8, for the Pregnancy and Birth Survey Group of the Fukushima Health Management Survey, http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/sec/16025d/kako-monitoring.html, http://rhino.med.yamanashi.ac.jp/sukoyaka/index.html, http://www.pref.fukushima.lg.jp/sec/11045b/17022.html#no.1, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Independent Oversight and Advisory Committee, Preliminary dose estimation from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation, Psychological distress and the perception of radiation risks: the Fukushima health management survey -, Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami, based on a preliminary dose estimation, Developments since the 2013 UNSCEAR Report on the levels and effects of radiation exposure due to the nuclear accident following the great east-Japan earthquake and tsunami, International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN), Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations, International Health Regulations (IHR 2005), WHOs Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Assistance Network (REMPAN), Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015 - 2030, European Commission Radiation Protection Repor, The Fukushima Health Management Survey (by Fukushima Medical University), WHO response to Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant accident, The Great East Japan Earthquake: a story of devastating natural disaster, a tale of human compassion, Radiation protection - Fukushima Lessons learned and issues, Radiation: Health consequences of the Fukushima nuclear accident. Google Scholar. A number of lessons were learned that help Japan and all countries better plan, prepare, respond and recovery from potential nuclear accidents. Radiation effects. 1997;17:35974. The proportion of infants with a low birth weight was 7.3%, while 2.6% were born with a congenital anomaly. Associations between depressive symptoms and the following variables were analyzed: maternal factors (age at pregnancy, gestational age at the time of disaster, number of postpartum days at the time of survey response, and psychiatric history); obstetrical factors (complications during pregnancy, mode of pregnancy and delivery, and gestational week at birth); and infant characteristics (sex, birth weight, asphyxia at birth, and other anomalies). The Great East Japan Earthquake, which occurred on March 11, 2011, was a multiple disaster that included an earthquake, tsunami, and a massive nuclear power plant accident that caused immediate disruption to medical care [3] and persistent radiation contamination across a broad geographic area [4]. Community representatives should be involved in the decision-making on protective and restoration actions that would consider the needs and priorities of local communities. The survey aims were explained to all respondents in a cover letter that was sent out with the questionnaire. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. At the end of March, the evacuation zone was expanded to 30 km around the plant, and ocean water near the plant was discovered to have been contaminated with high levels of iodine-131, which resulted from leakage of radioactive water through cracks in trenches and tunnels between the plant and the ocean. (1992, February). Crew from the Greenpeace ship Rainbow Warrior, including radiation safety advisor Jacob Namminga, collect sea water and seaweed samples to monitor radiation contamination levels. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The proportion of mothers that changed medical facilities was also highest in Soso (Figure2). Credit: The Asahi Shimbun via Getty. In general, continuity of obstetrical care is associated with better patient satisfaction [25]. This article looks primarily at the Fukushima evacuation and its after-effects. Mousseau and his colleagues plan to capture barn swallows in Fukushima and outfit them with tiny dosimeters to measure the radiation doses each bird receives. The global community receives the best advice on the assumption that non-respondents would have similar prevalence to delayed responders that! Likewise, obstetrical complications were self-reported using a list of 15 complications levels... 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